VERILOG CODE BCD TO EXCESS 3 CONVERTER(GATE LEVEL)

Excess-3 binary-coded decimal (XS-3), also called biased representation or Excess-N, is a numeral system used on some older computers that uses a pre-specified number N as a biasing value. It is a way to represent values with a balanced number of positive and negative numbers. In XS-3, numbers are represented as decimal digits, and each digit is represented by four bits as the BCD value plus 3 (the "excess" amount):

• The smallest binary number represents the smallest value. (i.e. 0 − Excess Value)
• The greatest binary number represents the largest value. (i.e. 2 ^N+1 − Excess Value − 1)

The primary advantage of XS-3 coding over BCD coding is that a decimal number can be nines' complemented (for subtraction) as easily as a binary number can be ones' complemented; just invert all bits. In addition, when the sum of two XS-3 digits is greater than 9, the carry bit of a four bit adder will be set high. This works because, when adding two numbers that are greater or equal to zero, an "excess" value of six results in the sum. Since a four bit integer can only hold values 0 to 15, an excess of six means that any sum over nine will overflow.

Adding Excess-3 works on a different algorithm than BCD coding or regular binary numbers. When you add two XS-3 numbers together, the result is not an XS-3 number. For instance, when you add 1 and 0 in XS-3 the answer seems to be 4 instead of 1. In order to correct this problem, when you are finished adding each digit, you have to subtract 3 (binary 11) if the digit is less than decimal 10 and add three if the number is greater than or equal to decimal 10 (thus causing the number to wrap).

HERE is the code to convert a BCD number to EXCESS 3:

ALBERT EINSTEIN IQ QUIZ !! SOLVE IT IF YOU CAN !!

Einstein (no one know his real IQ) give us a puzzle like this, for he stressed examining assumptions, and once wrote: "The important thing is to not stop questioning."

Facts:

1. There are 5 houses in 5 different colours
2. In each house lives a person with a different nationality..
3. These 5 owners drink a certain beverage, smoke a certain brand of cigar and keep a certain pet.
4. No owners have the same pet, smoke the same brand of cigar or drink the same drink.

Hints:
1. The Brit lives in a red house.
2. The Swede keeps dogs as pets.
3. The Dane drinks tea.
4. The green house is on the left of the white house.
5. The green house owner drinks coffee.
6. The person who smokes Pall Mall rears birds.
7. The owner of the yellow house smokes Dunhill.
8. The man living in the house right in the centre drinks milk.
9. The Norwegian lives in the first house.
10. The man who smokes Blend lives next to the one who keeps cats.
11. The man who keeps horses lives next to the man who smokes Dunhill.
12. The owner who smokes Blue Master drinks beer.
13. The German smokes Prince.
14. The Norwegian lives next to the blue house.
15. The man who smokes Blend has a neighbour who drinks water.

Keil uVision 4 C51 v 9.02a Portable Download

Download the portable version of the uvision keil from here.
The µVision4 IDE is a window-based software development platform that combines a robust and modern editor with a project manager and make facility tool. It integrates all the tools needed to develop embedded applications including C/C++ compiler, macro assembler, linker/locator, and a HEX file generator.  µVision4 helps expedite the development process of embedded applications by providing the following:

• Full-featured source code editor.
• Device Database^® for configuring the development tool.
• Project Manager for creating and maintaining your projects.
• Integrated Make Utility functionality for assembling, compiling, and linking your embedded applications.
• Dialogs for all development environment settings.
• True integrated source-level and assembler-level Debugger with high-speed CPU and peripheral Simulator.
• Advanced GDI interface for software debugging on target hardware and for connecting to a Keil™ ULINK^® Debug Adapter.
• Flash programming utility for downloading the application program into Flash ROM.
• Links to manuals, on-line help, device datasheets, and user guides.

µVision4 offers numerous features and advantages that help the programmer to develop embedded applications quickly and successfully.  The Keil tools are easy to use, and are guaranteed to help you achieve your design goals in a timely manner.
The µVision4 IDE & Debugger is the central part of the Keil development tool chain. µVision4 offers a Build Mode and a Debug Mode.
In Build Mode you maintain the project, the project files, write your code, select the target hardware and device, and generate the application.
In Debug Mode you verify and debug your program with the integrated, powerful Simulator or directly on target hardware with the Keil ULINK family of Debug Adapters (or other AGDI drivers), or analyze the application behaviour.
The Keil ULINK Adapters allow you to download your application into Flash ROM of your target system.

Features and Advantages

Feature	Advantage
The µVision4 Simulator is the only debugger that simulates most on-chip peripherals.	Write and test application code before production hardware is available. Investigate different hardware configurations to optimize the hardware design.
System Viewer capabilities can be used to monitor the content of peripherals.	View and define your own views to supervise peripherals. Detailed status information is available and can be changed directly within the System Viewer window.
The Code Coverage functionality provides statistical data about the execution of your program.	Safety-critical systems can be thoroughly tested and validated. Execution analysis reports can be viewed and printed for certification requirements.
The Logic Analyzer functionality is used to graphically display variable changes.	Study the signal and variable changes in graphical form, and view their dependency or correlation.
The µVision4 Device Database automatically configures the development tools for the target microcontroller.	Device settings are delivered and have been tested. Developers are provided with default settings that practically eliminate the time needed to configure the tool.
A Template editor to insert common text sequences or header blocks.	Use templates to insert standard text, header descriptions, and generic code blocks into your program structure.
The function Browser for navigating quickly among coded procedures.	Save time during development. Use this functionality in addition to the Find functions.
The Configuration Wizard provides a graphical interface to maintain device and start-up code settings.	Instead of scanning or scrolling through the start-up file, you can use an advanced GUI-like feature.
The µVision4 IDE integrates additional third-party tools like VCS, CASE, and FLASH/Device Programming.	Quickly access development tools and third-party tools. All configuration details are saved in the µVision4 project file.
The Keil ULINK USB-JTAG Adapter family supports Debugging and Flash programming, and are delivered with configured algorithm files, which can be modified and adapted to your particular needs.	Only one tool is used for debugging and programming. No extra configuration time is required.
The Target Debugger user interface has been implemented with the same look&feel as the Simulator user interface.	Considerably shortens your learning curve.
µVision4 combines a Project Manager, Make Utility, Debugger, and a modern Editor into a single user interface environment.	Accelerates application development. While editing, you can configure the debugger features. While debugging, you can make source code changes. Nevertheless, these changes are effective after you have re-build the project.
The Multi-Project Manager allows you to enhance your design overview by integrating various projects into one project file.	Combine µVision4 projects, which logically depend on each other, into one Multi-Project, and thus, increase the overview, consistency, and transparency of your embedded system application design. You may build or re-build projects individually or in batch-mode.
Drag and Drop objects.	Most objects can be dragged and dropped from one window to the other. Windows can be moved anywhere on the visual surface. This increases flexibility, for instance, you may have multiple memory and variable watch windows

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APPROXIMATION THEORY

Here is a proof of why we take 0.9999999 = 1
let

x=0.99999... ____(1)
multiply equation (1) by 10
10x=9.9999... ___(2)
now subtract equation (1) from equation (2)
10x - x=9.9999... - .9999...
9x=9
divide both sides by 9
x=1
so here it is!!!!!!

THEORY OF INCOMPLETENESS!!!

A friend of

EINSTEIN named GODEL gave the theory 

NO SYSTEM IN THE WORLD CAN BE COMPLETE

He proved it by these two lines

THE STATEMENT BELOW IS TRUE

THE STATEMENT ABOVE  IS FALSE!!!

so whats the final decision u get from these two lines!!!!

ALBERT EINSTEIN'S GREATEST THERORY E=MC^2

The concept of mass–energy equivalence unites the concepts of conservation of mass and conservation of energy, allowing rest mass to be converted to other forms of energy, like kinetic energy, heat, or light. Kinetic energy or light can also be converted to particles which have mass. The total amount of mass–energy in a closed system remains constant because energy cannot be created or destroyed and, in all of its forms, trapped energy has mass. According to the theory of relativity, mass and energy as commonly understood are two names for the same thing, and one is not changed to the other. Rather, neither one appears without the other. When energy changes type and leaves a system, it takes its mass with it.

Fast-moving objects and systems of objects
If you push on an object in the direction of motion, it gains momentum and it gains energy. But if the object is already traveling near the speed of light, it can't move much faster, no matter how much energy it absorbs. Its momentum and energy continue to increase, but its speed approaches a constant value—the speed of light. This means that in relativity the momentum of an object cannot be a constant times the velocity, nor is the kinetic energy be a constant times the square of the velocity.

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HCFPT-K86VV-DCKH3-87CCR-FM6HW